Reactions of benzene and its aromatic derivatives

Exercise 7

Answer the following questions: 1.
What is the hybridization of the ring atoms in cyclic aromatic compounds? 2.
To catalyze the chlorination of the aromatic nucleus, is it necessary to add a Lewis acid or base or a Broenstedt acid or base ? 3.
Why do aromatic compounds undergo electrophilic substitution rather than addition? 4.
What is the electrophilic agent that acts in a sulfonation of the aromatic nucleus? 5.
What are the positions of nitro groups in TNT (trinitrotoluene) and why? 6-
What is the position of nitro group in nitrobenzoic acid and why?

1.
sp2 2.
To catalyze the chlorination of the aromatic nucleus, add a Lewis acid (such as $ AlCl_3 $) 3.
The addition would destroy their mesomerism, thus their stability. 4.
$ HSO_3^+ $ 5.
ortho and para, indeed the methyl group, electron donor, orients in these positions. 6.
meta, indeed , the carboxylic acid group, electron withdrawing, directs in this position.