The reactions of the $OH$ group of the carboxylic acids

The reactions of this chapter have sometimes complex mechanisms and steps. All involve a nucleophilic attack on the $C^{\delta+}$ of the carboxyl group and a nucleophilic departure of $OH^-$

Reaction with phosporous(V) chloride

The acid chlorides $RCOCl$ are very reactive substances and replace advantageously the carboxylic acids in organic synthesis.

Reaction with a dehydrating agent at elevated temperature

Acid anhydrides $R(CO)O(CO)R$ are reactive substances and advantageously replace the carboxylic acids in organic synthesis.

Reaction with ammonia

In a first step, an ammonium carboxylate is formed, which then heated leads to an amide. Amides are odorless and stable white solids.

Esterification reactions with alcools

For details, see chapter of →    esters.